Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment

Ischaemic irritation and Cold-induced Pain ExperimentResultsIce weewee seems to bring about 60% more discommode than tourniquet. Placebo was quite terminationive once against tourniquet (91.7%4.33) and had no(prenominal)effect on ice pee (100.7%2.74) which appeared to be the second strongest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg combined with 8mg of codeine had prejudicial effect on tourniquet (105.9%7.91) as bookmans sensed more incommode aft(prenominal)ward pickings drugs, and slight effect on ice urine (97.2%3.17) which made it become the weakest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg reduced the anguish for tourniquet signifi open firetly (88.6%7.94) and as well did well against ice water (95.2%3.55). Paracetamol 1000mg acted as the crush drug for some(prenominal) tourniquet and ice water treatment. These exits are shown in Figures 1 and 2 ( see Appendices for raw data and summary data).Figure 1. Effects of drugs on soaked spite response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. beggarlys pirited trouble oneself units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water rule for students. disciples were consequently separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. aft(prenominal) 45 proceeding the imagine botheration units were measured again for alone of the students ( measuring stick error, n=24).Figure 2 Effects of drugs on mean % upset ascendence response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. rec every(prenominal) agony units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. subsequently 45 minutes the mean hurtful sensation units were measured again for all of the students . The pain directs after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units in advance taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control res ponse ( standard error, n=24).DiscussionParacetamol is able to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and it is highly selective for Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II( COX-2) (Burkhard Hinzcc8). Inhibition of COX enzymes causes the assimilation of prostaglandin E2 to decrease, as a result, the hypothalamic set-point is lowered to reduce fever and the fall inhibitory serotonergic pathways is activated to produce analgesia (Anderson BJ 2008). Codeine is a pretty weak opioid analgesic. It has to be converted into morphine to function, this dissolve be activated by the CYP2D6 metabolic. Codeine can reduce the analgesic efficacy in as the way it backward down the metabolizer of the drug(C. Mattia 2015). The combination of Paracetamol 1000mg with codeine 8mg is found to be more effective and safer than bonny using paracetamol or codeine (Aust Dent 2002).On the other hand, placebo would simply sustain no effect on pain level as it is well(p) a sugar pill.As morphine inhibits hot and cold pain by inhibiting HPC but increases the firing of the cold cells, this leads to the burning sensation (Mogil 1999). This instantly causes the paracetamol + codeine combination did not act what we thought, the burning sensation reduced the lastingness of pain relief. As a result, for the ice water test, paracetamol worked as the best treatment and placebo was the weakest treatment.And for the tourniquet test which causes ischemic pain, muscle contraction increases henry ions causes pH decreases and leads to acidosis, and infusion rate of acidic buffer increased and causes pain (Issberner 1996). However codeine and its product morphine are both hydrogen donors and would shape up increase the concentration of hydrogen inside muscle and causes more pain (Atkinson AP 2011). This explains why the paracetamol + codeine had negative effect on tourniquet test.The experiment result did not match up with hypothesis as paracetamol with codeine is not the well-nigh effective drug for both ice water and tourniquet tests. in that location are some steps for this experiment that can be ameliorate. low of all at the beginning of the experiment, students cells were asleep and takes time to wake up and sense the pain the right way. Especially for ice water, as human peel would always get covered by a layer of crude oil secreted by sebaceous glands and dirt from environment mixture, the first attempt in ice water would take time to wash the layer aside the skin and causes less pain sensed, after taking drugs, students arm were no longer protected and therefore would sense a stronger pain level faster, also the amount of ice in the tank was different and strength causes error for the result. For tourniquet, students might not squeeze the rubble bulb correctly and causes difference between two runs.This experiment can be improved by getting a rubble bulb that squeeze itself mechanically each time with same strength maintain the ice water with same amount of ice and te mperature put arm into the ice water to wash off the layer and also wake it up forward attempt the experiment, after five minutes of recovery (let the arm to fast up and get dried) then start the experiment. This experiment result can be used in clinical treatment and develop pain-relief drugs.In conclusion, the paracetamol 1000mg is the most effective drug to relieve both ischaemic pain and cold-induced pain.AppendicesTable 1. new data store and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking placebo.The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n set calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took placebo and after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). compression bandage 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce pee % Control380390625640102.6102.433526061067077.6109.833215065562745.295.7 cd25037535062.593.340129556459273.6105.027520056357072.7101.232025567557579.785.2265305265 three hundred115.1113.2191200577482104.783.544739767266088.898.2169 one hundred ninety668646112.496.7245295580535120.492.2280300485390107.180.447543067560590.589.6270285550620105.6112.739030057558576.9101.7380388663675102.1101.8275310445500112.7112.422515038557066.7148.1543580140145106.8103.6four hundred425575525106.391.3325400700700123.1100.016113829127785.795.239524368069761.5102.5n242424242424median328.529557658096.3100.6mean328.29297.33541.38539.0091.7100.7stdev96.97106.14150.86146.4921.213.4SEM19.7921.6730.7929.904.332.74Table 2. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mg.The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24).Tourniquet 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce Water % Control38034063062589.599.2533538471525100.9111.5225320550565142.2102.735027559758578.698.034515064767543.5104.357526064552045.280.6175300425530171.4124.724923435329994.084.728016060052057.186.725516364861563.994.926325066066595.1100.8260280355340107.795.8200375440420187.595.518516054032586.560.243536860059584.699.234531553543591.381.331526547257584.1121.8220300575600136.4104.3450545565683121.1120.9235418476523177.9109.9125160595555128. 093.3277370670660133.698.56063511500105.097.8460540565378117.466.9n242424242424median270290565542.598.098.2mean299.88297.88546.88529.71105.997.2stdev125.33127.2592.13112.0438.815.5SEM25.5825.9718.8122.877.913.17Table 3 Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg.The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24).Tourniquet 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce Water % Control460480390370104.394.958440098067468.568.8250350550625140.0113.62102255 85610107.1104.330017559055558.394.145541553060091.2113.216510046039060.684.82808060040028.666.725719564064575.9100.819518555555094.999.124220056061282.6109.327026040525096.361.733031060563593.9105.029524044537581.484.331325369565580.894.26185380290139.376.3205330525570161.0108.61655032543530.3133.8180260675550144.481.523012558561554.3105.137336358544397.375.7 clxx250650625147.196.2275252703009.1111.152841558559578.6101.7n242424242424median263.5245572.5562.586.997.6mean283.04240.46548.75515.3888.695.2stdev123.24125.39143.93131.4938.917.4SEM25.1625.6029.3826.847.943.55ReferencesAnderson BJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) apparatuss of action. 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